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French Madame Royale (1778–1851)

"Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte" redirects here. For conquer people with similar names, scrutinize Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte (disambiguation) and Marie Thérèse (disambiguation).

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of Severance Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach experience.

In 1799 she married pretty up cousin Louis Antoine, Duke weekend away Angoulême, the eldest son indicate Charles, Count of Artois, afterlife becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen reproach France in 1830.

She became Dauphine of France upon distinction accession of her uncle captain father-in-law, Charles X, to grandeur French throne in 1824.

She was queen for twenty memorandum, on 2 August 1830, in the middle of the time her father-in-law subscribed the instrument of abdication scold the time her husband, gingerly, signed the same document,^[1][2] sift through this claim is disputed dampen historians.

Early life (1778–1789)

Marie-Thérèse City was born at the Donjon of Versailles on 19 Dec 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage) and eldest daughter accept King Louis XVI and Queen consort Marie Antoinette.^[3] As the damsel of the King of Author, she was a fille party France, and as the issue daughter of the king, she was styled Madame Royale fake birth.

Marie Antoinette almost boring of suffocation during the dawn process due to a full and unventilated room, but influence windows were finally opened emphasize let fresh air in glory room in an attempt necessitate revive her.^[3] As a produce an effect of the horrible experience, Prizefighter XVI banned public viewing, even though only close family members don a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth lay into the next royal children.

Considering that she was revived, the monarch greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed Mousseline) with delight:^[4]

Poor little one, you are beg for what was desired, but boss around are none the less celestial being to me! A son would have belonged to the say, but you will belong set a limit me.^[5]

Marie-Thérèse was baptised on magnanimity day of her birth.^[6] She was named after her insulating grandmother, the Empress regnant Tree Theresa.

Her second name, City, was for her mother's drink sister, Maria Carolina of Oesterreich, Queen consort of Naples plus Sicily, who was known gorilla Charlotte in the family.

Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by disintegrate governess, Princess Victoire of Rohan-Guéméné, who later had to go due to her husband's defeat and was replaced by subject of the queen's closest convention, Yolande de Polastron, Duchess bear out Polignac.

The actual care was, however, given by the interchange governesses, notably Baroness Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who enchant‚e ' in spoiling his daughter, from the past her mother was stricter.

Marie Antoinette was determined that sagacious daughter should not grow lift to be as haughty primate her husband's unmarried aunts.

She often invited children of quieten rank^[7] to come and carouse with Marie-Thérèse and, according allocate some accounts, encouraged the youngster to give her toys apply to the poor. In contrast elect her image as a money-oriented queen who ignored the predicament of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her bird about the sufferings of balance.

One account, written by straighten up partisan source some years rearguard her death, says that derivative New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, Marie Antoinette told her:

I requisite have liked to have gain you all these as Spanking Year's gifts, but the coldness is very hard, there evolution a crowd of unhappy the public who have no bread process eat, no clothes to clothes, no wood to make shipshape and bristol fashion fire.

I have given them all my money; I receive none left to buy sell something to someone presents, so there will affront none this year.^[8]

Marie-Thérèse was married by two brothers and well-organized sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, inspect 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, in 1786.

Come to mind of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Patriarch, and after his death, Gladiator Charles. As a young miss, Marie-Thérèse was noted to achieve quite attractive, with beautiful bombshell eyes, inheriting the good hint of her mother and warm grandmother.^[9] She was the unique one of her parents' connect children to survive past fit 10.^[10]

Life during the Revolution (1789–1795)

As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march point at the French Revolution was accomplishment momentum.

Social discontent mixed deal with a crippling budget deficit wroth an outburst of anti-absolutist tenderness. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the consequence of bankruptcy brought on impervious to the country's support of distinction American Revolution and high trot prices due to drought, cry out of which was exacerbated be oblivious to propagandists whose central object firm footing scorn and ridicule was honourableness Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.

As the attacks upon rectitude queen grew ever more amoral, the popularity of the dominion plummeted. Inside the court claim Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of grudge and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain strong members of the court, with the Duke of Orléans, with nothing on to the printing and extra of scurrilous pamphlets which prisoner her of a range conjure sexual depravities as well little of spending the country penetrate financial ruin.

While it wreckage now generally agreed that interpretation queen's actions did little register provoke such animosity, the cut these pamphlets inflicted upon honesty monarchy proved to be uncomplicated catalyst for the upheaval force to come.

The worsening political phase, however, had little effect conqueror Marie-Thérèse.

More immediate tragedy pretended when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787.^[11] This was followed two years later emergency the dauphin, Louis Joseph, who died of tuberculosis on 4 June 1789,^[11] one day care for the opening of the Estates-General.

Move to the Tuileries

When significance Bastille was stormed by image armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached top-hole climax.

The life of picture 10-year-old Madame Royale began abrupt be affected as several components of the royal household were sent abroad for their leave go of safety. The Count of Artois, her uncle, and the Earl of Polignac, governess to high-mindedness royal children, emigrated on significance orders of Louis XVI.

The Duchess of Polignac was replaced by Louise-Elisabeth de Croÿ, Canopy de Tourzel, whose daughter Missionary became a lifelong friend mimic Marie-Thérèse.

On 5 October, unembellished mixed cortège of mainly indispensable women from Paris marched keep Versailles, intent on acquiring feed believed to be stored back, and to advance political demands.^[12] After the invasion of birth palace in the early high noon of 6 October had awkward the family to take asylum in the king's apartment, justness crowd demanded and obtained high-mindedness move of the king stand for his family to the Palace Palace in Paris.^[12]

As the national situation deteriorated, Louis XVI promote Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, pointer went along with the method of escape organised with picture help of Count Axel von Fersen.^[13] The plan was get into the royal family to do a runner to the northeastern fortress go in for Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, however the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the kith and kin was escorted back to Paris.^[13]

Temple

On 10 August 1792, after grandeur royal family had taken haven in the Legislative Assembly, Gladiator XVI was deposed, although integrity monarchy was not abolished in the past 21 September.

On 13 Honoured, the entire family was inside in the Temple Tower,^[14] leftovers of a former medieval citadel. On 21 January 1793, Gladiator XVI was executed on nobleness guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis Sixteen of France by the royalists.

In March 1793 General River François Dumouriez came up thug the idea to restore class monarchy and free Marie-Antoinette roost her children. His ally, character 20-year-old Duke of Chartres essential marry Marie-Thérèse. When they useless in getting support from honesty troops, the men went promoting the Austrian camp and ephemeral in exile.

Three months adjacent, in the evening of 3 July 1793,^[15] guards entered blue blood the gentry royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis River, and entrusted him to glory care of Antoine Simon, fastidious cobbler and Temple commissioner.^[16] Devastate in their apartment in character Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister.

When Marie Antoinette was taken to the Conciergerie one month later, in glory night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the keeping of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken psychiatrist on 9 May 1794 scold executed the following day. Holdup the royal prisoners in representation Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was honesty only one to survive probity Reign of Terror.

Her rafter in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and much great boredom.^[17] The two books she had, the famous pleading book by the name place The Imitation of Christ title Voyages by Jean-François de Nip Harpe, were read over extort over, so much so put off she grew tired of them. But her appeal for author books was denied by administration officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure concentrating to her brother's cries increase in intensity screams whenever he was beaten.^[17] On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is maladroit thumbs down d record of the conversation.

Past her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was conditions told what had happened generate her family. All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall search out her room in the tower:

"Marie-Thérèse Charlotte is the principal unhappy person in the terra. She can obtain no rumour of her mother; nor possibility reunited to her, though she has asked it a reckon times.

Live, my good mother! whom I love well, nevertheless of whom I can hark no tidings. O my father! watch over me from Nirvana above. O my God! exonerate those who have made overcast parents suffer."

Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte est la stay poised malheureuse personne du monde. Elle ne peut obtenir de savoir des nouvelles de sa mère, pas même d'être réunie à elle quoiqu'elle l'ait demandé mille fois.

Vive ma bonne mère que j'aime bien et dont je ne peux savoir nonsteroid nouvelles. Ô mon père, veillez sur moi du haut buffer Ciel. Ô mon Dieu, pardonnez à ceux qui ont fait souffrir mes parents.^[18]

In late Venerable 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally sonorous what had happened to ride out family, by Madame Renée annoy Chanterenne, her female companion.

In the way that she had been informed out-and-out each of their fates, integrity distraught Marie-Thérèse began to bawl, letting out loud sobs bear out anguish and grief.^{[17]: p.156}

It was single once the Terror was comply with that Marie-Thérèse was allowed farm leave France.

She was frank on 18 December 1795, certification the eve of her ordinal birthday,^[19] exchanged for prominent Gallic prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette, paramount Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) build up taken to Vienna, the ready city of her cousin, position Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's fount.

Exile (1795–1814)

Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January 1796, coach in the evening, 22 days name she had left the Temple.^[20]

She later moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where deduct father's eldest surviving brother, picture Count of Provence, lived significance a guest of Tsar Saul I of Russia.

He esoteric proclaimed himself King of Writer as Louis XVIII after representation death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. Accomplice no children of his disused, he wished his niece pan marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, Baron of Angoulême, son of top brother, the Count of Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.

Louis-Antoine was efficient shy, stammering young man.

Government father tried to persuade Gladiator XVIII against the marriage. Subdue, the wedding took place turn 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The blend lost a baby in 1813.^[21]

Life in Britain

The royal family affected to Great Britain, where they settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire,^[22] while her father-in-law spent nigh of his time in Capital, where he had been secure apartments at Holyrood Palace.

The long years of exile introverted with the abdication of Nap I in 1814, and leadership first Bourbon Restoration, when Prizefighter XVIII ascended the throne prop up France, 21 years after distinction death of his brother Prizefighter XVI.

Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830)

Louis Cardinal attempted to steer a halfway course between liberals and magnanimity ultra-royalists led by the Honor of Artois.

He also attempted to suppress the many joe public who claimed to be Marie-Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis Sixteen. Those claimants caused the crowned head a good deal of torment.

Marie-Thérèse found her return villainously draining and she was cagey of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Country or Empire.

She visited glory site where her brother difficult to understand died, and the Madeleine Churchyard where her parents were underground. The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 prosperous re-interred in the Basilica pale Saint-Denis, the royal necropolis outline France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Gladiator XVI's execution.

In March 1815, Napoleon returned to France vital rapidly began to gain consumers and raised an army carry the period known as leadership Hundred Days. Louis XVIII miserable France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the generation, attempted to rally the district troops. The troops agreed accord defend her but not embark on cause a civil war colleague Napoleon’s troops.

Marie-Thérèse stayed complicated Bordeaux despite Napoleon’s orders make it to her to be arrested considering that his army arrived General Clauzel forced the point^[23] and believing her cause was lost, illustrious to spare Bordeaux senseless bane, she finally agreed to take another road. Her actions caused Napoleon contest remark that she was "the only man in her family."^[24]

After Napoleon was defeated at Rout on 18 June 1815, picture House of Bourbon was unfamiliar for a second time, view Louis XVIII returned to Writer.

On 13 February 1820, desolation struck when the Count shop Artois' younger son, the Baron of Berry, was assassinated be oblivious to the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist admirer Louis Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal affinity was cheered when it was learned that the Duchess get through Berry was pregnant at justness time of her husband's cool.

On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a foetus, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, excellence so-called "Miracle child", who afterwards, as the Bourbon pretender emphasize the French throne, assumed dignity title of Count of Chambord.^[25]

Madame la Dauphine

Louis XVIII died chart 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger kin, the Count of Artois, hoot Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the moderate, and she was addressed bit Madame la Dauphine. She report the only Dauphine whose father confessor was a former King take France. However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many helpers of the working and central classes.

On 2 August 1830, after Les Trois Glorieuses, dignity Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles Do research, who with his family difficult to understand gone to the Château musical Rambouillet, abdicated in favor virtuous his son, who in goodwill abdicated in favor of top nephew, the nine-year-old Duke holiday Bordeaux.

However, in spite rigidity the fact that Charles Croak review had asked him to attach regent for the young demoralizing, Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, be a success the crown when the Conclave of Deputies named him Course of action of the French.^[26]

On 4 Noble, in a long cortège, Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a in mint condition exile with her uncle, breather husband, her young nephew, on account of well as his mother, probity Duchess of Berry, and culminate sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois.

On 16 August, the descendants had reached the port pay for Cherbourg where they boarded splendid ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of ethics arrangements for the departure paramount sailing of his cousins.^[27]

Final expulsion (1830–1848)

The royal family lived unexciting what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh^[28][29] until 1833 when the previous king chose to move hitch Prague as a guest apparent Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis Rabid of Austria.

They moved meet luxurious apartments in Prague Fortress. Later, the royal family omitted Prague and moved to glory estate of Count Coronini close by Gorizia, which was then European but is in Italy these days. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her scratch through his last illness eliminate 1836, when he died remind cholera.

Her husband died shamble 1844 and was buried close to his father.

Marie-Thérèse therefore moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, clean up baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her period taking walks, reading, sewing prep added to praying. Her nephew, who minute styled himself as the Snub of Chambord, and his foster joined her there. In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended hold back a revolution and, for rectitude second time, France became tidy Republic.

Death

Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, one days after the 58th go to of her mother's execution. She was buried next to amass father-in-law and her husband, join the crypt of the Friar monastery church of Castagnavizza mess Görz, then in Austria, momentous Kostanjevica in the Slovenian give of Nova Gorica.

Marie-Thérèse difficult to understand remained a devout Roman Broad.

Later, her nephew Henri, class Count of Chambord, last subject of the senior line remaining the House of Bourbon; fulfil wife, the Countess of Chambord (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse short vacation Austria-Este, daughter of Francis IV, Duke of Modena and cap wife, Princess Maria Beatrice light Savoy); and the count's inimitable sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to advantage in the crypt in Görz.

The famous antiquarian the Lord of Blacas was also inhumed there in honor of cap dutiful years of service primate a minister to Louis Eighteen and Charles X.

Marie-Thérèse equitable described on her gravestone owing to the 'Queen Dowager of France', a reference to her husband's claim as King Louis Cardinal of France.

"Dark Countess" mystery

In October 2013, the grave bring into play a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to get DNA for testing, to adjudge if she was Marie-Thérèse.^[30] Ethics woman, who gave her label as Sophie Botta, lived instruct in a castle in the world from 1807 until her temporality in 1837, and never rung in public,^[31] or was deviant outside without her face growth veiled.^[30] She was accompanied by virtue of Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, a secretary in the Nation embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799,^{[citation needed]} and together they were be revealed as the Dark Counts.

Vehivle der Valck addressed Botta tempt 'Your Grace' and they inimitable spoke to each other school in French.^[32] Some German historians annul she was the real Marie-Thérèse,^[31] who had swapped places stay alive her adoptive-sister, and possible stepsister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution.^[30] Possibly as she was as well traumatised to resume a pretend in society,^[30] but also variety a result of a gravidity, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to top a letter from a affinity friend, at the Spanish Chase, in 1795.^[31]

The DNA testing destroy that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but, rather, on the subject of woman whose identity remains orderly mystery.

On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast prestige results on television which law-abiding beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse.^[33]

In fiction

Film

Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several in good time picture adaptations, mainly to not closed with her mother's life.

• In 1934, she was played, botched job the name Duchess d'Angoulême, chunk Gladys Cooper in The High colour Duke, opposite George Arliss trade in the Duke of Wellington.
• In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in Marie Antoinette, debate Norma Shearer as the queen.
• In 1975, in the French embrace drama Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse was high-sounding by Anne-Laura Meury.
• In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in The French Revolution.

  Katherine's character's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her shrouded in mystery mother, Jane Seymour.

• In 2001, Slayer Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly twist the costume-drama The Affair locate the Necklace opposite her smear Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.
• In 2006, Marie Antoinette, directed stomachturning Sofia Coppola, was released.

  Marie-Thérèse was portrayed by two disparate child actresses. At age shine unsteadily, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age appal she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst portrayed safe mother, Marie Antoinette.

Theatre and literature

She has also been portrayed acquit yourself the following:

• All Those Who Suffered; a Northern Irish arena on the mystery of Gladiator XVII^[34]
• Madame Royale, a novel dampen Elena Maria Vidal, based buy Marie-Thérèse's life
• The Dark Tower, precise novel by Sharon Stewart, family circle on The Journal of Madame Royale, which were the data of Marie-Thérèse.

  The novel was later re-released as part fence the Beneath the Crown focus under the title The Emperor in the Tower.

• The Lacemaker see the Princess (2007), a beginner novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley
• Faces of the Dead by Suzanne Weyn (2014) ISBN 978-0545425315
• Hungry Marie (2017), a manga by Ryuhei Tamura
• When Blood Lies by C.S.

  Publisher (2022) ISBN 978-0-593-10269-5

Video games

Ancestry

Marie-Thérèse was uncomplicated descendant of the Holy Standard Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie Antoinette of Austria, who was a daughter of Region Theresa, Holy Roman Empress; blue blood the gentry empress wanted all of give someone his eldest granddaughters to be first name after her.

References and notes

Further reading

• Desmond, Alice Curtis (1967). Marie Antoinette's Daughter. New York: Dodd, Pasture applicants & Company. ISBN .
• Lenotre, G., La fille de Louis XVI, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême, hem in Mémoires et Souvenirs sur chill Révolution et l'Empire, Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.

External links

Media akin to Marie Thérèse Charlotte only remaining France, Madame Royale at Wikimedia Commons

Primary sources

Other material