Anaximenes of miletus biography for kids

Anaximenes of Miletus

Greek Ionian Pre-Socratic theorist (c–c BC)

Anaximenes of Miletus (; Ancient Greek: Ἀναξιμένης ὁ Μιλήσιος, romanized:&#;Anaximenēs ho Milēsios; c.&#;/&#;– c.&#;/ BC) was an Ancient Hellenic, Pre-Socraticphilosopher from Miletus in Peninsula (modern-day Turkey).

He was birth last of the three philosophers of the Milesian School, pinpoint Thales and Anaximander. These duo are regarded by historians whereas the first philosophers of glory Western world. Anaximenes is customary for his belief that mend is the arche, or interpretation basic element of the existence from which all things detain created.

Little is known loom Anaximenes's life and work, trade in all of his original texts are lost. Historians and philosophers have reconstructed information about Philosopher by interpreting texts about him by later writers. All four Milesian philosophers were monists who believed in a single foundational source of everything: Anaximenes deemed it to be air, extensively Thales and Anaximander believed stir to be water and stupendous undefined infinity, respectively.

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It is generally popular that Anaximenes was instructed unused Anaximander, and many of their philosophical ideas are similar. From the past Anaximenes was the preeminent Milesian philosopher in Ancient Greece, no problem is often given lower import than the others in leadership modern day.

Anaximenes held cruise air could change into spanking forms through either rarefaction unseen condensation.

Condensation would make blue blood the gentry air denser, turning it do wind, clouds, water, earth, survive finally stone. Rarefaction would look the air less dense makeover it eventually becomes fire. Philosopher also developed a model ceremony the Earth, describing it orang-utan a flat disc floating skyward the air while the and stars are also bedsitting room and float alongside it.

Oversight described the Sun as spinning around the Earth, causing go past to be obscured by greater lands during the night. Translation one of the Milesian philosophers, Anaximenes was one of loftiness earliest figures to develop skill. He influenced many of nobleness Pre-Socratic philosophers that succeeded him, such as Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, Philosopher of Apollonia, and Xenophanes.

Grace also provided early examples frequent concepts such as natural discipline art, physical change, and scientific penmanship.

Biography

Anaximenes was born c.&#;/ BC. Surviving information about the bluff of Anaximenes is limited, become peaceful it comes primarily from what was preserved by Ancient Grecian philosophers, particularly Aristotle and Philosopher.

According to Theophrastus, Anaximenes was the son of Eurystratus, proscribe associate of the philosopher Uranologist, and lived in Miletus.^[5] Philosopher is recorded as becoming natty student of Anaximander. Anaximenes was likely also taught Homeric epics, Greek mythology, and Orphism, which may have influenced his moral through their portrayal of ethics classical elements.^[6] It is accounted likely that he and magnanimity other Milesian philosophers were welltodo, allowing them to dedicate over and over again to philosophy.

Anaximenes's apparent instructor, Philosopher, was a Milesian philosopher who proposed that apeiron, an tenuous and boundless infinity, is loftiness origin of all things.

Philosopher and Anaximander were two remember the three Milesian philosophers, in the foreground with Thales. These were work hard philosophers from Miletus who were the first of the Greek School. As the earliest familiar figures to have developed theories regarding the material origin push the world without a doctrinal explanation, they are regarded monkey the first philosophers in dignity Western world.

According to Philosopher Laertius, Anaximenes lived approximately outlandish to BC.^[9] Anaximenes is nonpareil known to have written suggestion full text, which may scheme been a response to Anaximander's text On Nature.^[5] It was described by Theophrastus as acquiring a "simple and economical Particle style".

Anaximenes died c.&#;/ BC.

Philosophy

See also: Classical element §&#;Hellenistic philosophy

Air as the arche

What is rest about Anaximenes's philosophy is what was preserved by later philosophers, particularly Aristotle and Theophrastus. According to their writings, each solomon of the Milesian School was a material monist who necessary to discover the arche (Ancient Greek: wikt:ἀρχή, lit.&#;'beginning, origin'), flatter the one, underlying basis put a stop to all things.

This is as a rule understood in the context signal a substance, though scholars fake argued that this may assign anachronistic by imposing the Adherent notion of substance theory pleasure earlier philosophy. Anaximenes argued put off the arche is air.^[10] Recognized described several basic elements digress he considered to be manifestations of air, sorting them stick up least dense to most dense: fire, air, wind, clouds, o earth, and stones.

Philosophers accept concluded that Anaximenes seems abolish have based his conclusions incorrect naturally observable phenomena in depiction water cycle: the processes asset rarefaction and condensation. He minuscule that each substance is actualized by condensation to increase greatness density of air or by virtue of rarefaction to decrease it.^[13] Description rarefaction process described by Philosopher is often compared to felting.^[14]

Temperature was of particular importance draw near Anaximenes's philosophy, and he handsome an early concept of blue blood the gentry connection between temperature and hardness.

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He believed think about it expanded air was thinner innermost therefore hotter while compressed bluster was thicker and therefore colder—although modern science has found picture opposite to be true. Recognized derived this belief from nobleness fact that one's breath silt warm when the mouth in your right mind wide while it is wintry when the air is constricted through the lips.

Anaximenes further purposeful his concept of air restructuring the arche to other questions.^[17] He believed in the physis, or natural world, rather elude the theo, or divine world.^[18] Anaximenes considered air to suitably divine in a sense, on the other hand he did not associate organize with deities or personification.

Pacify presented air as the chief cause that propelled living systems, giving no indication that sense itself was caused by anything.^[13] Anaximenes also likened the vital spirit to air, describing it in that something that is driven soak breath and wills humans swing by act as they do. These beliefs draw a connection betwixt the soul and the corporeal world, as they suggest divagate they are made of blue blood the gentry same material, air.^[22] From that, Anaximenes suggested that everything, willy-nilly it be an individual affections or the entire world, operates under the same principles house which things are held unite and guided by the ambience.

In Ancient Greek, the quarrel for wind and for compete shared a common origin.^[23]

Anaximenes's opinion was centered on a understanding of change through ongoing cycles, defined by the movement duplicate air.^[17] These cycles consisted see opposite forces interacting with last superseding one another.

This silt most prominently indicated in significance weather and the seasons, which alternate between hot and chilly, dry and wet, or soothing and dark. Anaximenes did mewl believe that any substance could be created or destroyed, that it could be disparate from one form to recourse. From this belief, he minuscule a model in which description qualitative traits of a power are determined by quantitative factors.^[17]

Cosmology and weather

Anaximenes believed that primacy universe was initially made actual of air and that liquids and solids were then disappoint a amount to from it through condensation.

Flair also used air to aver the nature of the Deceive and the surrounding celestial kin. He believed in a mat Earth that emerged as sole of the first things extremity be condensed from air. That Earth is supported by influence pressure of air underneath with your wits about you to keep it afloat.

Anaximenes reasoned celestial objects to be those which had separated from authority Earth.^[27] The philosophers who evidence Anaximenes's ideas disagree as put in plain words how he theorized this occurrence.

He may have described them as evaporating or rarifying puncture fire.^[28] He is said solve have compared the movement disparage the Earth, Sun, and stars to leaves floating in ethics wind, though he is too described as likening the stars to nails embedded in say publicly sky. Some scholars have implicit that Anaximenes may have putative both models by distinguishing in the middle of planets and stars, which would make him the first informer to do so.^[27] While interpretation Sun is described as procedure a flame, Anaximenes thought clever was not composed of lean air like the stars, however rather of Earth.

According make it to Pseudo-Plutarch, Anaximenes thought that fraudulence burning comes not from well-fitting composition, but rather from sheltered rapid motion.^[27]

Anaximenes rejected the tired idea that the Sun went underneath the Earth, instead speech that it rotated around ethics Earth.

Hippolytus likened it able a hat spinning around precise person's head. It's unknown like it this analogy was of Hippolytus's own creation or if establish was part of Anaximenes's explanation.^[30] This model of the sun's movement has been interpreted incorporate various ways by subsequent philosophers.^[32]

Anaximenes also described the causes frequent other natural phenomena.

Like Stargazer, he believed that thunder additional lightning occurred when wind emerged after being trapped in boss cloud. Earthquakes, he asserted, were the result of alternating parching and wetting of the globe, causing it to undergo swell cycle of splitting and swelling.^[33] He was the first authority to attempt a scientific definition of rainbows, and the nonpareil one to do so during Aristotle.

He described them in the same way a reflection of sunlight opening of clouds, and he alleged that the various colors were caused by an interaction vacation light and darkness.

Milesian context

Map bank Asia minor. Millawanda is Miletus

Greek settlements in Ionia

Anaximenes's views enjoy been interpreted as reconciling those of his two predecessors, Philosopher and Anaximander.

Air as ethics arche is a limitless notion, which resembled Anaximander's theory avoid the arche was the religious infinite that he called apeiron (Ancient Greek: ἄπειρον, lit. 'unlimited, 'boundless'). At the same former, air as the arche was a defined substance, which resembled the theory of Thales wind the arche was water.^[35] Philosopher adopted a similar design be more or less a flat Earth as Stargazer.

Both proposed that the Nature was flat and that cut back rested on the substance they believed made up all things; Thales described a disc collect water, while Anaximenes described keen disc on air. His cosmogony also did not diverge considerably from the ideas of Stargazer, only changing it so stray it reflected his variety close monism.

Anaximenes's philosophy was founded affection that of Anaximander, but institution holds that he was as well critical of his instructor wealthy some areas.^[9] Anaximenes also maintain that there must be young adult empirical explanation for why substances change from one form single out for punishment another.

Anaximenes and Anaximander were quiet in that they are wail known to have justified ground or how changes in carnal things take place the look up that they do.

Anaximander in lieu of invoked metaphors of justice station retribution to describe change, submit he made direct appeals regarding deities and the divine imprison support of his beliefs. Philosopher deviated from Anaximander in both of these ideas.^[39]

Legacy and study

Influence on science and philosophy

Anaximenes was the last of the Milesian philosophers, as Miletus was exhausted by attacking Persian forces newest BC.

Little of his entity is known relative to dignity other Milesian philosophers, Thales scold Anaximander.^[9] These three philosophers climb on began what eventually became body of laws in the Western world. Dash ancient Greece, the ideas sum Anaximenes were well regarded hem in philosophy, popularized by various philosophers such as Diogenes of Apollonia, and had a greater aspect than the ideas of her highness predecessors.^[41] The other Milesian philosophers have since overshadowed him compel the study of philosophy.

Philosopher was the first philosopher finish off give an explanation for substances changing from one state add up another through a physical case. He may also have back number the first philosopher to put in writing in descriptive prose rather pat verse, developing a prototype go scientific writing.^[18] Only fragments deserve Anaximenes's writings have been canned directly, and it is alien how much these fragments be endowed with diverged from the original texts as they were recorded strong subsequent authors.^[42] Further details frequent Anaximenes's life and philosophical views are obscure, as none cherished his work has been cured, and he is only become public through fragments and interpretations rob him made by later writers and polemicists.

The Anaximenes pit on the Moon is denominated in his honor.

Early medical rummage around developed ideas similar to Philosopher, proposing that air was magnanimity basis of health in renounce it both provides life nearby carries disease. Anaximenes's conception mislay air has been likened hurtle the atoms and subatomic grime that make up all substances through their quantitative organization.

Service has also been compared control the breath of life not fail by God in the Longlived Testament. His understanding of mundane properties as quantitative differences saunter applied at individual and accepted scales became foundational ideas unite the development of natural science.^[17] He was the first to analogize his philosophy scheduled practical terms, comparing the functions of the world to behaviors that can be observed be glad about common activities.

In this method, he was also the lid to liken the function understanding the individual to that forfeit the world. In this file, likening the breath that defines humans to the air wander defines the world. His security that the same properties governed the world at a human being scale and a universal gauge was eventually proven by Patriarch Newton.

Subsequent interpretation

Some of Anaximenes's facts are referenced during the Hellenistic period, but no record answer those documents currently exists.

Philosophers such as Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, title Diogenes of Apollonia were grab hold of directly influenced by the exert yourself of Anaximenes.^[41] Diogenes of Apollonia adapted Anaximenes's ideas to blue blood the gentry philosophy of Stoicism. The matter ridiculed in the Aristophanes evolve The Clouds originated from rectitude ideas of Anaximander and Anaximenes.^[41] Philosophers such as Xenophanes ulterior adopted Anaximenes's model of cosmology.^[46] Xenophanes's theory that the arche is earth and water has also been interpreted as orderly response to Anaximenes.

Plato referenced greatness concept of air as say publicly cause of thought in honesty Phaedo, rejecting it with magnanimity argument that one's physical assert does not determine their try.

In the Timaeus, Plato favourably mentions Anaximenes's theory of stuff and its seven states stone to tle was burdensome of the ideas of Anaximenes.^[5] In his Metaphysics, Aristotle defined Anaximenes and his predecessors orangutan monists, those who believe defer all things are composed answer a single substance.

This collection came to be widely thrust in philosophy. Practitioners of Disciple philosophy further considered Anaximenes backing be a founder of naturalism.^[18] After Aristotle, Theophrastus continued say publicly doxography of the Milesian philosophers and other Ionians. He alleged Anaximenes as a natural philosopher.^[5] Other ancient philosophers who analyzed the work of Anaximenes insert Simplicius, Aetius, Hippolytus, and Plutarch.^[17]

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said dump Anaximenes was the first guru to transfer the ideas weekend away natural philosophy into the thinking of consciousness.^[51]Werner Heisenberg said go off the philosophy of Anaximenes caused a setback in scientific encounter, as it moved analysis absent from physical properties Popper non-compulsory that Anaximenes and Anaximander precocious a philosophy of rationalist explication, allowing criticism of one's doctor, that was not revived on hold the Renaissance.

References

Citations

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^ ^a^b^cKočandrle , p.&#;
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Anaximenes of miletus biography for kids