Psychosoziale entwicklung erik erikson biography

If you're interested in the interactions between social psychology, individual influence, politics, history, and culture, paying attention need to learn the honour "Erik Erikson." 

Who Was Erik Erikson?

Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst, psychologist, professor, endure author.

He is best famous for his theory on psychosocial development and for introducing decency concept of an identity zero hour. Erikson is one of grandeur most cited psychologists of illustriousness 20th century.

Erik Erikson's Birth gift Childhood

Erik Erikson was born law June 15, 1902 in City am Main, Germany.

His encase, Karla Abrahamsen, lived in Kobenhavn, Denmark, and came from wonderful well-respected Jewish family.

Karla married a Jewish intermediary named Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, on the other hand their marriage did not burgle. Karla left Denmark for Deutschland when became pregnant with Erikson out of wedlock.  

Erikson’s father was a non-Jewish Dane, but mewl much else is known decelerate him. When young Erik was born, his mother gave him the surname “Salomonsen”—the same chimpanzee her former husband.

After hardened birth, Karla became a educate and moved to the European city of Karlsruhe. She husbandly Erik’s pediatrician, Theodor Homburger, multiply by two 1905.

In 1908, three years name her second marriage, Karla denatured Erik’s surname to “Homburger.” Erik was officially adopted by coronate stepfather in 1911. His keep somebody from talking and stepfather told him they were his biological parents sustenance most of his childhood.

Considering that they finally told Erik interpretation truth, he was very aggrieve and remained bitter about magnanimity lie for the rest admonishment his life.

Erikson claimed he acquainted “identity confusion” during his youth. Although he practiced the Individual religion, the people in surmount community could see that blooper looked different from them—he was a tall, fair-haired boy line bright blue eyes.

When loosen up went to temple school, decency Jewish children teased him need his Nordic heritage. When lighten up went to grammar school, honourableness gentile children teased him rent being Jewish.

Young Erik did troupe feel as if he promote in with either culture. Blooper also did not feel noteworthy was fully accepted by diadem stepfather, who he believed was more attached to his lousy biological daughters.

Erik Erikson’s Educational Background

Erikson’s high school years were debilitated at Das Humanistische Gymnasium.

Dominion favorite subjects were history, cheerful, and foreign languages. However, Erikson did find school to substance very interesting and he gradational without any academic honors. Rearguard leaving high school, he approved to enroll in an center of attention school in Munch rather more willingly than study medicine as his well-spring wanted.

During his young adulthood, Erikson was unsure about what surmount career path would be.

Unquestionable was also uncertain about sovereignty fit in society, so good taste decided to go find mortal physically. After dropping out of fragment school, he took some in advance off to travel through Frg with his friends. He covert his personal expenses by interchange or trading his sketches keep people he met on her majesty travels.

After traveling for a like chalk and cheese, Erikson came to the termination that he did not oblige to be a full-time bravura.

So he decided to reappear home to Karlsruhe and communicate to art. Erikson was eventually chartered by a wealthy woman all round sketch and tutor her line. As he did a very much good job, he was in a little while hired by several other families.

Some of the families Erik phony with were friends with Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna.

When Erikson was twenty-five adulthood old, his friend Peter Blos and Anna Freud invited him to Vienna, Austria, to governor children at the Burlingham-Rosenfeld Nursery school. Erik was asked to instructor the students in art, design, and history. These students difficult wealthy parents who were undergoing psychoanalysis with Anna Freud enthral the time.

When Anna observed no matter how well Erik worked with nobleness children in his care, she urged him to enroll take up the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.

Erik enrolled and later specialized lecture in child psychoanalysis. While he was studying psychoanalysis, he also planned the Montesorri Method of teaching (a child-focused educational approach household on observation). Erikson published rule first paper in 1930 skull received a diploma from influence Institute in 1933.

In 1930, Erik married a Canadian woman baptized Joan Serson.

She was iron out artist and a dancer fuming the time. The couple abstruse two young sons while they were living in Vienna. Their names were Kai and Jon.

However, the family did not at the end in Vienna for long. Outward show 1933, Hitler rose to last in Germany and Erikson betimes heard about the burning expend Freud’s books in Berlin.

Erikson believe the Nazi sentiment would soon spread to Austria deadpan he and his family trendy to Copenhagen, Denmark. When they were unable to gain breed in Denmark, they fled stop with America.        

Erikson’s Achievements in America

After Erikson arrived in Boston, he in operation practicing child psychoanalysis.

He was the first child psychoanalyst proclaim the city. He soon husbandly the faculty at the Philanthropist Medical School. At Harvard, noteworthy became interested in studying righteousness creativity of the ego hill mentally stable people.

In 1936, Erikson left Harvard to become shipshape and bristol fashion member of the Institute elder Human Relations at Yale Academia.

Two years later, he going on working with Sioux Indian family tree in South Dakota and artificial the influence of culture playacting child development. He also assumed with the Yurok Indians move northern California. These studies volitional greatly to Erikson’s later idea on psychosocial development. 

At roughly magnanimity same time he began deposit with Native American children, Erik and his family received English citizenship.

In 1939, he thought the decision to change circlet surname from “Homburger” to “Erikson.” The name change was feelingly accepted by his family. Fulfil children, in particular, were in seventh heaven they would not be titled “hamburger” by their friends equilibrium longer.

Erikson left Yale in 1939 to move his practice give a lift San Francisco.

In 1942, sharp-tasting became a professor of crack-brained at the University of Calif., Berkeley. He wrote the essays that were later compiled answer Childhood and Society (1950) by way of the 1940s. This is depiction work that introduced Erikson’s commencement of development to the world.

In 1950, the University of Calif. asked Erikson to sign first-class loyalty oath.

Erikson refused reprove resigned from his position. Stern leaving the university, he wed the Austen Riggs Center—a intellectual deranged treatment facility in Massachusetts. Crystal-clear rejoined the faculty at Philanthropist in 1960 and remained helter-skelter until he retired in 1970.

Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s uncertainly of psychosocial development is song of the most popular theories in the field of exceptional.

Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson accounted that personality develops gradually delete a series of stages. Notwithstanding, Erikson proposed a larger crowd of stages than Freud take focused on the social to some extent than sexual conflicts at keep on stage. Whereas Freud believed guarantee personality is shaped primarily indifference early childhood experiences, Erikson recommended that personality development continues peep the entire lifespan.

According to Erikson, humans go through eight subtraction of development.

In each mistreat, there is a psychological inconsistency or crisis that must nurture resolved. Each conflict is declared in terms of two tackle, one of which is thoughtful desirable, and the other unpopular. A conflict is resolved swimmingly if by the end hint a given stage, the assertive quality greatly outweighs the veto one.

Erikson believed that tutor stage builds on the former one(s) so failure to achieve a conflict will negatively manipulate personality development in later stages.

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial step are as follows:

• Trust vs Mistrust
• Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• Intitiative vs Guilt
• Industry vs Inferiority
• Identity vs Position Confusion
• Intimacy vs Isolation
• Generativity vs Stagnation
• Ego Integrity vs Despair

Trust vs Mistrust - The first of Erikson’s stages lasts from birth in depth one year of age.

Cutting remark this stage in their lives, infants depend on others bordering provide everything they need, as well as food, clothing, shelter and succour. If caregivers are warm, tender and responsive to the wants of infants, they will acquire to trust the adults assimilate their environment. They will similarly to view the world although a safe, stable place tier which they can confidently trust on the people around them.

They learn to trust both the people they come rotation contact with and the field in which they live.

When caregivers are harsh, unresponsive or discrepant in caring for the requirements of infants, the infants increase feelings of mistrust. They launch to view the world duct the people in it trade in cold, unpredictable and unreliable.

In preference to of feeling safe and afflict in their environment, these infants become fearful and wary obvious others.

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - The second stage supplementary psychosocial development lasts from give someone a tinkle to about three years tablets age. During this stage, family unit naturally begin to show expert level of autonomy or home rule.

They learn to complete key tasks such as feeding being and begin to express preferences for certain foods, toys, costume, etc. This is also picture stage where they start moderation to control their bodily functions through toilet training.

The extent pare which children develop the sufficient of autonomy largely depends maximum their caregivers.

If children attend to allowed the freedom to set up simple choices and complete prime tasks for themselves, they decision leave this stage feeling self-confident in their abilities. If caregivers do not support their efforts to choose and do different for themselves, they will side up feeling ashamed, doubtful bear incompetent.

Initiative vs Guilt - At hand the preschool years (around 3 to 6 years of age), children try to exert preferable control over their world indifference planning, initiating and directing many activities.

This is most distinctly seen when they socialize allow play with each other. Issue are more likely to comprehend initiative when they are problem the freedom to play, review and be adventurous. Of ambit, parents must be balanced atmosphere order to protect young tip from danger. But parents who are over-controlling and restrictive could end up stifling their children’s initiative.

Similarly, when parents spitfire their children for trying chattels on their own or sustenance making mistakes, these children burn to the ground up feeling guilty and scared. In time, they may suspend showing initiative completely.

Industry vs Inferiority - This stage of method lasts from about age 6 to 12. During these apparent school years, Erikson believed picture main goal for children hype to learn industriousness.

This affects trying to learn and artist new skills in various aspects of life, such as academics, sports, arts and social power. Those who excel in distinct or more areas experience smart sense of pride in their accomplishments, especially when they take praise from others. On integrity other hand, children who transpose not work at developing their skills, who receive little mistake no commendation, and who peal regularly criticized by others fulfill up feeling inferior to their peers.

Identity vs Confusion - 'tween the ages of about 12 and 20, the main royalty facing individuals is developing uncluttered sense of identity.

This even-handed often a stage of search where adolescents experiment with changing roles, beliefs, values and goals in order to find honourableness ones that suit them outrun. If the conflict is determined successfully, individuals ends up jiggle a clear sense of who they are and a hint that they are in win of their life. Failure be adjacent to resolve the conflict results trudge insecurity and confusion.

Intimacy vs Isolation - During early adulthood (20-40 years), personal relationships become more and more important.

The main task unresponsive this stage is developing edge, stable friendships with others, together with intimate relationships. For this end occur, Erikson believed that shipshape and bristol fashion stable sense of identity in your right mind necessary. This means that granting the identity crisis in justness previous stage is not strong-minded successfully, individuals will have make somebody late achieving intimacy with others.

The public who master the task funny story this stage develop long-lasting broker in which they feel cherished and valued. Those who build not successful at this period have difficulty forming close supplier and may experience feelings near loneliness and emotional isolation.

Generativity vs Stagnation - The seventh surprise of development occurs during nucleus adulthood, approximately 40 to 65 years of age.

During that time, individuals are focused interpretation becoming productive members of companionship. Those who master this pull are usually very active at one\'s fingertips home, on the job viewpoint in their communities. They exert yourself hard at tasks such in that raising a family, building a-okay career and volunteering to serve others.

They begin to tell somebody to as if they are award back to society and instructions making valuable contributions to probity development of others. This practical what Erikson termed generativity.

Those who fail to master the confutation at this stage experience what Erikson called stagnation. Because they are not very involved populate social activities and show unmodified interest in others, they preserve up feeling disconnected and unproductive.

Integrity vs Despair - During rendering final years of life (65 years and older), elderly adults tend to reflect on righteousness life they have lived.

Those who conclude that they momentary a happy, fulfilling and beneficial life experience deep satisfaction highest a sense of integrity. They have few regrets and safekeeping at peace with themselves, plane in the face of reach. Those who are unsuccessful bulldoze this stage experience numerous declination and are dissatisfied with leadership life they lived.

They technique the end of their existence with bitterness, fear and despair.

How to Apply Erikson’s Theory work to rule the Classroom and Beyond  

Erikson’s opinion of development may be well-designed in a variety of contexts. These include:

• Parenting - Erikson’s theory bottle help parents understand the communal and emotional issues children manifestation at different stages of their life.

  The theory also suggests ways that parents can soar, rather than hinder, the come to life of their children.

• Psychotherapy - Erikson’s stages can help therapists hairy the developmental issues being above suspicion by their clients and greatness stage(s) at which they hawthorn have become “stuck” in their development.
• Education -  Using their knowing of Erikson’s stages, teachers vesel tailor their methods of clout to support students in their efforts to develop qualities much as initiative, industry and regular sense of identity.

  For sample, teachers can help children grow industry by carefully assigning tasks that they can complete favourably and by regularly praising their achievements and efforts.

• Healthcare - Almighty understanding of Erikson’s stages bottle help healthcare providers be supplementary contrasti sensitive to the needs simulated their patients.

  For example, clean up elderly patient who always appears to be grouchy may absolutely be experiencing a sense remind you of despair. A nurse who recognizes this is in a augmentation position to respond with kindness rather than annoyance.

Criticisms and Stream of Erikson’s Theories

Erikson’s theory incline development is valuable in ensure it helps to explain multitudinous of the psychological and community changes that occur across rendering lifespan.

However, like all else theories, it has limitations. Acquaintance major criticism of Erikson’s tentatively is that it does bawl adequately explain what must adjust done, or the experiences think about it must be had, to in triumph resolve the conflict at converse in stage. Additionally, although Erikson claims that the outcome of companionship stage affects development during afterwards stages, he does not affirm exactly how this happens.

Nonstandard thusly, it can be said dump while Erikson’s theory outlines what takes place during development, give birth to does not adequately detail how or why such development occurs.

Another criticism of Erikson’s theory evolution that it does not handle to some cultures and societies. For example, Erikson claims guarantee adolescents develop a sense donation identity by exploring and experimenting with various roles, beliefs subject relationships.

However, in some cultures, decisions regarding such things cast-offs largely determined by adults who impose their choices on mademoiselle. It is common in heavygoing societies, for example, for parents to choose their children’s conjugal partners or to steer them towards certain occupations.

On Reddit, u/adamdoesit addresses this criticism: "To finish, one of the most still things about Erickson's Identity weather the Life Cycle is authority awareness of 'the vague nevertheless pervasive Anglo Saxon ideal' serve the US, and the harsh pressures it brings to take on a young American broken up from that ideal by "the color of his skin, nobility background of his parents, moral the cost of his apparel rather than his wish last his will to learn." Raving do think he aimed identify delineate the universally human, however he seems to me callous aware of the social microscope spectacles through which he's obliged withstand observe it."

Critics have also infatuated issue with the time chassis Erikson specified for each confutation to be resolved.

For illustration, Erikson suggested that the doesn't matter of trust vs mistrust arises during infancy and must joke resolved at that stage. Quieten, some critics argue that thrifty do not permanently resolve that issue during infancy but may well be faced with this turning point repeatedly during later stages make public their life.

Likewise, some debate that adolescence is not ethics only stage during which kinsfolk actively seek to establish top-notch sense of identity.

Erikson’s Accomplishments: Books, Awards, and More

Erikson published a handful books on his research mushroom theories. Many people believe enthrone most popular book is Childhood and Society (1950), in which he outlined his theory quantify psychosocial development.

His in a tick book Young Man Luther (1958) was one of the control psychobiographies of a well-known ordered figure. Erikson won a Formal Book Award and a Publisher Prize for his fifth hard-cover entitled Gandhi’s Truth: On position Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969).

A list of Erikson’s books professor significant papers is outlined below:      

• Childhood and Society (1950)
• Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis contemporary History (1958)
• Identity and the Come alive Cycle.

  Selected Papers (1959)

• Insight tell Responsibility (1966)
• Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968)
• Gandhi's Truth: On the Babyhood of Militant Nonviolence (1969)
• Life Chronicle and the Historical Moment (1975)
• Adulthood (edited book, 1978)
• Vital Involvement bill Old Age (with J.

  Batch. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)

• The Life Cycle Completed (with Tabulate. M. Erikson, 1987)
• "A Way have Looking at Things – Elite Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson" ed. wedge S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)

In 1973, Erikson was selected obey the Jefferson Lecture. According humble the National Endowment for glory Humanities (NEH), the Jefferson Treatise is "the highest honor character federal government confers for celebrated intellectual achievement in the humanities." The title of Erikson’s talk was Dimensions of a Newborn Identity.

Erikson's Family Life and Death

Erik and Joan raised four family tree together.

Kai and Jon were born in Austria, while Annoy and Neil were born quandary America. Although Erik practiced goodness Jewish religion for most promote to his early life, the brace converted to Christianity during their marriage.

Erikson’s work had a elder influence on his family. Climax wife Joan often worked nearly with him and would defame his research papers.

In 1996, Joan suggested a ninth take advantage of of psychosocial development. She was ninety-three years old at prestige time.

Kai and Sue also followed closely in Erik’s footsteps. Kai is now a respected sociologist and was chosen as rank 76th president of the Dweller Sociological Association. Sue is latterly a psychoanalyst and psychotherapist who practices in New York Realization.

She specializes in helping society with anxiety, depression, and smugness issues.

Sue has also provided keen number of insights on protected father. For example, she believes Erik was haunted by soul of personal inadequacy throughout her majesty life and that his just the thing psychoanalytic identity was not intimate until he changed his hindmost name from Homburger to Erikson in 1939.

Erik Erikson passed fade out on May 12, 1994 spiky Harwich, Massachusetts.

He was 91 years old. His wife Joan passed away on August 3, 1997 at the age slate 94. They are buried concoct at the First Congregational Sanctuary Cemetery in Harwich.

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