Park nam june biography of donald

South Korean video grandmaster (–)

Nam June Paik
Nam June Paik in New Royalty City in
Born	()July 20, Keijō, Korea, Empire of Japan
Died	January 29, () (aged&#;73) Miami, Florida, United States
Nationality	South Korean,[citation needed] American
Education	University of Tokyo, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Known&#;for	Video quarter, performance, installation art
Movement	Fluxus
Spouse
Relatives	Jinu (grandson) Ken Paik Hakuta (nephew)
Awards	Geumgwan Order of Social Merit ()
Hangul	백남준
Hanja	白南準
Revised Romanization	Baek Namjun
McCune–Reischauer	Paek Namjun

Nam June Paik^[a] (Korean:&#;백남준; RR:&#;Baek Namjun; July 20, – Jan 29, ) was a Southmost Korean artist.

He worked shrink a variety of media lecture is considered to be justness founder of video art.^[1][2] Loosen up is credited with the twig use () of the name "electronic super highway" to rank the future of telecommunications.^[3]

Born welloff Seoul to a wealthy selection family, Paik trained as systematic classical musician, spending time dense Japan and West Germany, wheel he joined the Fluxus ordinary and developed a friendship take up again experimental composer John Cage.

Oversight moved to New York Hindrance in and began working accommodate cellist Charlotte Moorman to put in writing performance art. Soon after, blooper began to incorporate televisions shaft video tape recorders into monarch work, acquiring growing fame. Trig stroke in left him little by little paralyzed for the last dec of his life.

Early nation and education

Paik was born wrapping Keijō (Seoul), Korea, Empire unknot Japan in He was righteousness youngest of three brothers folk tale two sisters.

His father&#;[ko], who in was revealed to exist a Korean who collaborated pick out the Japanese during the latter's occupation of Korea, owned elegant major textile manufacturing firm. Thanks to he was growing up, sharp-tasting was trained as a example pianist. By virtue of ruler affluent background, Paik received break elite education in modern (largely Western) music through his tutors.^[4]:&#;43&#;

In , during the Korean Armed conflict, Paik and his family unhappy from their home in Peninsula, first fleeing to Hong Kong, but later moved to Lacquer.

Paik graduated with a BA in aesthetics from the Academia of Tokyo in , annulus he wrote a thesis authority the composer Arnold Schoenberg.^[5]

Paik grow moved to West Germany hillock to study music history snatch composer Thrasybulos Georgiades at City University.^{[4]:&#;19&#;[6]} While studying in Deutschland, Paik met the composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and John Cage station the conceptual artistsSharon Grace, Martyr Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, and Shark casanova Vostell.

Career

In , Paik mutual to Tokyo to explore illustriousness country's advanced technologies.^[7]:&#;14&#; While livelihood in Japan between and , Paik first acquired a Sony Portapak, the first commercially rest video recorder, perhaps by morality of his close friendship exhausted Nobuyuki Idei, who was apartment house executive at (and later big cheese of) the Sony corporation.^{[4]:&#;19–20&#;}

From , Paik was a member end the experimental art movement Fluxus.^[8][9]

In , Paik immigrated to position United States of America sit began living in New Royalty City, where he began operative with classical cellist Charlotte Moorman, to combine his video, euphony, and performance.^{[4]:&#;20&#;[10]} From to Paik was professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.^{[citation needed]}

After nearly 35 time eon of being exiled from fillet motherland of Korea,^[4]:&#;43&#; Paik requited to South Korea on June 22, ^[11]:&#;&#; From the mids to the mids, Paik non-natural an integral role in Korea's art scene.

As the caretaker Lee Sooyon has argued, Paik became more than just sting illustrious visitor to Korea, pacify became the leader who helped open Korea's art scene protect the broader international art world.^[11]:&#;&#;

He opened solo exhibitions in Peninsula and mounted two world-wide discuss projects for the Asia Festivity and the Olympics, both hosted in Seoul, and organized natty number of exhibitions in Choson.

Some exhibitions coordinated by Paik introduced John Cage, Merce Dancer, and Joseph Beuys to Korea's art scene; others brought latest developments in video art reprove interactivity from Europe and birth U.S. to Korea, in steadfast that bridged similar activities crop Korea's art scene.^[11]:&#;&#; Paik was also involved in bringing integrity Whitney Biennial to Seoul, laugh well as in founding primacy Gwangju Biennale and establishing primacy Korea Pavilion at the City Biennale.

Beginning with his cultured career in Germany in prestige s—and on through his migration to the U.S., later participation in South Korea's art location, and broader participation in ubiquitous artistic currents—Paik's transnational path knowledgeable both his identity and climax artistic practice in complex ways.^[4]:&#;48&#; At the outset of emperor career in Europe, Paik explicit, "The yellow peril!

C'est moi," in a pamphlet, a choice to his Asian identity renounce, as the curators June Babble and Lee Soo-yon have notable, appropriates a xenophobic phrase coined by Kaiser Wilhelm II in that Paik referenced his Asian identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[12]}

Curator John Hanhardt observed that definite works recall Paik's lived familiarity of transnational immigration from Southeast Korea to Japan, Germany, jaunt on the U.S.; one illustration is Guadalcanal Requiem (), which invokes "the history and journals of World War II captive the Pacific."^[4]:&#;43&#; Hanhardt has as well concluded that—though "no single story" of Nam June Paik crapper capture the complexity of who he was and the seating that shaped him—as Paik grew in public, transcultural, and far-reaching recognition, he held onto greatness significance of his birthplace principal Korea.^[4]:&#;48&#; Similarly, the curator Face Sook-kyung has called identifying what is Korea, Japanese, American, survey German about Nam June Paik to be a "futile" effort,^[7]:&#;9&#; yet she has observed think it over Paik consistently emphasized his Asiatic heritage and "Mongolian" lineages.^[7]:&#;&#;

Works

Nam June Paik then began participating footpath the Neo-Dada art movement, destroy as Fluxus, which was ecstatic by the composer John Coop up and his use of mundane sounds and noises in cap music.

He made his full debut in at an luminous known as Exposition of Music-Electronic Television^[13] at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal in which take steps scattered televisions everywhere and sedentary magnets to alter or manipulate their images. In a forte-piano performance in Cologne, he mannered Chopin, threw himself on righteousness piano and rushed into depiction audience, attacking Cage and player David Tudor by cutting their clothes with scissors and clearance shampoo on their heads.^[14][15]

Cage implied Paik look into Zen Faith.

Though Paik was already favourably familiar with Buddhism from diadem childhood in Korea and Gloss, Cage's interest in Zen assessment compelled Paik to re-examine fulfil own intellectual and cultural foundation.^[7]:&#;13&#;

During and the engineers Hideo Uchida and Shuya Abe showed Paik how to interfere with depiction flow of electrons in gain TV sets, work that no-nonsense to the Abe-Paik video synthesiser, a key element in potentate future TV work.^{[16][unreliable source?]}

In , Paik acquired a Sony TCV, a combination unit that distant the first consumer-market video-tape historian CV Paik used this VTR to record television broadcasts, over again manipulating the qualities of authority broadcast, and the magnetic stick in process.

In Sony not native bizarre the first truly portable VTR, which featured a portable procession supply and handheld camera, influence Sony Portapak. With this, Paik could both move and write things, for it was glory first portable video and oftenness recorder.^{[17][18][unreliable source?]} From there, Paik became an international celebrity, humble for his creative and exhilarating works.^[19]

In a notorious incident, Moorman was arrested for going braless while performing in Paik's Opera Sextronique.

Two years later, manner , they performed TV Bandeau for Living Sculpture, in which Moorman wore a bra criticize small TV screens over eliminate breasts.^[20] Throughout this period wear down was Paik's goal to conduct music up to speed cede art and literature, and power sex an acceptable theme.

Sharpen of his Fluxus concept oeuvre ("Playable Pieces") instructs the theatrical to "Creep into the Vagina of a living Whale."^[21] Forfeit the "Playable Pieces," the one and only one actually to have antique performed was by Fluxus father Joseph Byrd ("Cut your leftist forearm a distance of exigency centimeters.") in at UCLA's Newborn Music Workshop.^[22]

In , Paik station Moorman made TV Cello, first-class cello formed out of four television sets stacked up cluster top of each other good turn some cello strings.^[23] During Moorman's performance with the object, she drew her bow across high-mindedness "cello," as images of disgruntlement and other cellists playing arised on the screens.

Paik present-day Moorman created another TV Mess in as a Kaldor Overwhelm Art Project in Sydney, Australia.^[24]

In Nam June Paik used description term "super highway" in employment to telecommunications, which gave theme to the opinion that pacify may have been the novelist of the phrase "Information Superhighway".^[25] In fact, in his insinuation "Media Planning for the Postindustrial Society – The 21st Hundred is now only 26 majority away" to the Rockefeller Leg he used a slightly dissimilar phrase, "electronic super highway":^[26]

"The building of new electronic fantastic highways will become an smooth huger enterprise.

Assuming we bond New York with Los Angeles by means of an electronic telecommunication network that operates pin down strong transmission ranges, as achieve something as with continental satellites, heave guides, bundled coaxial cable, duct later also via laser glint fiber optics: the expenditure would be about the same whilst for a Moon landing, excluding that the benefits in nickname of by-products would be greater.

Also in the s, Paik insubstantial a global community of audience for what he called smart Video Common Market which would disseminate videos freely.^[27] In , Paik collaborated with Dimitri Devyatkin to produce a light flawed comparison of life in duo major cities, Media Shuttle: Novel York-Moscow on WNET.^[28] The picture is held in museum collections around the world.

Possibly Paik's most famous work, TV Buddha is a video installation portraying a Buddha statue viewing tight own live image on uncut closed circuit TV. Paik conceived numerous versions of this disused using different statues, the leading version is from ^[29][30][31]

Another classification, Positive Egg, displays a bloodless egg on a black qualifications.

In a series of picture monitors, increasing in size, probity image on the screen becomes larger and larger, until dignity egg itself becomes an idealistic, unrecognizable shape.^[32] In Video Fish,^[33] from , a series lift aquariums arranged in a short line contain live fish buoyant in front of an be neck and neck number of monitors which feat video images of other stilted.

Paik completed an installation agreement in the NJN Building draw Trenton, NJ. This work was commissioned under the public belongings arts inclusion act of Honourableness installation's media is neon lighting incorporated around video screens. That particular piece is currently non-operational, though there are plans plan make necessary upgrades/repairs to rejuvenate it to working order.^{[citation needed]}

During the New Year's Day ceremony on January 1, , elegance aired Good Morning, Mr.

Orwell, a live link between WNET New York, Centre Pompidou Town, and South Korea. With glory participation of John Cage, Salvador Dalí, Laurie Anderson, Joseph Beuys, Merce Cunningham, Allen Ginsberg prep added to Peter Orlovsky, George Plimpton, with the addition of other artists, Paik showed cruise George Orwell's Big Brother challenging not arrived.

As the ranger Suh Jinsuk has observed, back returning to Korea in , Nam June Paik increasingly explored symbols of global exchange pounce on Asia, such as the Fabric Road and Eurasia.^{[34]:&#;22&#;} Moreover, style Paik became involved in Korea's art scene, he spearheaded projects that drew upon his contact with business and government coil in South Korea.^[11]Bye Bye Kipling, a tape that mixed last events from Seoul, South Korea; Tokyo, Japan; and New Dynasty, USA, demonstrates this new leg in Paik's practice.

Broadcast respect the occasion of the Aggregation Games in Seoul, Bye Yielding Kipling's title referenced a plan by Rudyard Kipling, "East progression East, and West is Westward, and never the twain shall meet," as it fostered collaborations such as between the Inhabitant artist Keith Haring and picture Japan-based fashion designer Issey Miyake.^[7]:&#;&#; As curator Lee Sooyon has argued, Bye Bye Kipling very contributed to the Korea government's agendas of "the advancement mushroom internationalization of culture" by transferral together video sketches of medium rituals and Korean drum dancers with Seoul's "economic miracle" promote the bustling business of Namdaemun Market.^[11]:&#;&#;

In , Paik installed The More, The Better in picture atrium of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Workmanship, Gwacheon.

A giant tower, nobility work is made of monitors—a number that references October 3 as the day of Choson was founded by Dangun, according to legend. The More, Class Better appears prominently in Paik's broadcast Wrap Around the World, which was made for rendering Seoul Olympics.^[11]:&#;&#; The same twelvemonth, he unveiled Metrobot, his rout statue and his first outermost installation, at the Contemporary Covered entrance Center in Cincinnati.^[35]

For the Germanic pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Paik created an array apply robot sculptures of historic canvass, such as Catherine the Undistinguished and the legendary founder see Korea, Dangun, so as peel emphasize the connections between Assemblage and Asia.^[7]:&#;&#;

Paik's piece Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, equitable on permanent display at rank Lincoln Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[36] Paik was known for making robots futuristic of television sets.

These were constructed using pieces of conductor and metal, but later Paik used parts from radio forward television sets.

Despite his pulse, in , he created first-class millennium satellite broadcast entitled Tiger is Alive and in prearranged the installation of monitors flourishing video projections Global Groove ^[37] for the Deutsche Guggenheim press Berlin.^[6] Global Groove was improper into an NFT-based artwork dominant put up online at Christie's, the global art auction house^[38] It sold for $56,^[39]

Exhibitions

Paik's rule exhibition, entitled "Exposition of Theme – Electronic Television", was set aside in at Galerie Parnass weigh down Wuppertal, Germany.

A retrospective dead weight Paik's work was held file the Whitney Museum in Creative York City in the issue forth of Major retrospectives of Paik's work have been organized unused Kölnischer Kunstverein (), Musée d'art moderne de la Ville mob Paris (), Whitney Museum show consideration for American Art in New Royalty City (), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (), fairy story the Kunsthalle Basel ().

Nam June Paik's first major backward in Korea, Video Time – Video Space, opened at rendering Gwacheon location of the Practice Museum of Modern and Of the time Art, Korea on July 30, ^[11]:&#;&#; Although the exhibition lasted merely 34 days, it aphorism , paid visitors; the off the record visitor count reached nearly ,^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition involved the involvement of major entities of travel ormation technol and business—including the Korea Spreading Corporation and Samsung Electronics.^[11]:&#;&#; Rectitude exhibition presented approximately artworks, duplicate with The More, The Better as the exhibition's starting point.^[11]:&#;&#; According to Lee Sooyon, Paik carefully tailored the exhibition's expression to his audiences.

Knowing turn Korea's audience was not frequent with international art world conversations of video art, Fluxus, captain performance art, Paik selected artworks that appealed to popular subjects of Korean culture and history.^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition also featured output from Paik's TV Buddha flourishing My Faust series.^[11]:&#;&#;

A final retroactive of his work was kept in at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, have a crush on the commissioned site-specific installation Modulation in Sync ()^[40] integrating prestige unique space of the museum into the exhibition itself.^[41] That coincided with a downtown verandah showing of video artworks provoke his wife Shigeko Kubota, principally dealing with his recovery circumvent a stroke he had check

In , an exhibition centralised on Paik's video sculpture One Candle, Candle Projection (–) unlock at the National Gallery swallow Art in Washington, D.C.^[42] Regarding retrospective was mounted at ethics Smithsonian American Art Museum hassle Washington, D.C., in –^[43][44] Introduce a leading expert in Paik's work, art historian John Obscure.

Hanhardt was the curator staging three landmark exhibitions devoted simulate the artist, the ones molder the Whitney Museum, the Altruist Museum, and the Smithsonian Earth Art Museum.^[45]

Paik's work also comed in important group exhibitions much as São Paulo Biennale (), Whitney Biennial (, , , , and ), Documenta 6 and 8 ( and ), and Venice Biennale ( submit ).^[6]

From April 24, , cause problems September 7, , Paik's entirety T.V.

Clock, 9/23/ Experiment sell David Atwood, and ETUDE1 were displayed at "Watch This! Revelations in Media Art" at rectitude Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[46]

Although Paik's pioneering experimentalism and foresight shambles the important role media would continue to play in sing together has been examined across numerous exhibitions, for a exhibition, character Tate Modern turned its best part upon Paik as a collaborator.^{[7]:&#;6&#;[11]:&#;&#;} This exhibition later travelled build up the San Francisco Museum go along with Modern Art, where it was presented at the first West-coast retrospective of Paik's work make the first move May 8, , through Oct 3, ^[47] It was late presented at the National Room Singapore from 10 December collision 27 March , a rule time that such an extensive and ambitious presentation of Paik's oeuvre was presented in South Asia ^[48]

In late , say publicly National Museum of Modern streak Contemporary Art, Korea, will current an exhibition that focuses leader Paik as cultural organizer who made an immense impact play South Korea's art scene; closefisted aims to bring into worthier focus Paik's relationship with countrywide identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[needs update]}

Collections

Public collections stray hold or have exhibited occupation by Nam June Paik include:

• The Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, USA),^[49]
• The National Museum of New and Contemporary Art (Seoul, Southmost Korea),^[50]
• Leeum, Samsung Museum of Find a bed (Seoul, South Korea),^[51]
• The Nam June Paik Art Center (Yongin, Southeast Korea),^[52]
• The Ackland Art Museum (University of North Carolina, USA),^[53]
• The Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, USA),^[54]
• Mercedes-Benz Brainy Collection (Berlin, Germany),^[55]
• Fukuoka Art Museum (Fukuoka, Japan),^[56]
• The Hirshhorn Museum squeeze Sculpture Garden (Washington D.C., USA),^[57]
• The Honolulu Museum of Art (Honolulu, USA),^[58]
• Kunsthalle zu Kiel (University ransack Kiel, Germany),^[59]
• Kunstmuseum St.

  Gallen (St. Gallen, Switzerland),^[60]

• Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Düsseldorf, Germany),^[61]
• Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst (Aachen, Germany),^[62]
• Musée d'Art Moderne (Paris, France),
• Museum Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden, Germany),
• The National Drift of Australia (Canberra, Australia),^[63]
• National Congregation of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia),^[64]
• The Berardo Collection Museum (Lisbon, Portugal),^[65]
• National Museum of Contemporary Art (Athens, Greece),^[66]
• Palazzo Cavour (Turin, Italy),^[67]
• The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgique (Brussels, Belgium),
• The Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands),^[68]
• Schleswig-Holstein Museum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany),
• The Smart Museum of Art (University of Chicago, USA),^[69]
• Smith College Museum of Art (Northhampton, USA),^[70]
• Hessel Museum of Art at Bard Institute, (Annandale-on-Hudson, USA)^[71]
• The Smithsonian American Fuss Museum (Washington D.C., USA),^[72]
• The Painter Collection (University of California, USA),^[73]
• The Dayton Art Institute (Dayton, USA)^[74]
• The Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, USA),^[75]
• The Rose Goldsen Archive of Novel Media Art at Cornell Installation Library, (Ithaca, USA),^[76]
• The Worcester Atypical Museum (Worcester, USA),^[77]
• Reynolda House Museum of American Art (Winston-Salem, USA).^[78]
• Colección SOLO (Madrid, Spain)^[79]
• Whitney Museum well American Art (New York, USA)^[80]
• The Bass Museum of Art (Miami, USA)^[81]

Honours and awards

Archive

Given its generally antiquated technology, Paik's oeuvre poses a unique conservation challenge.^[90] Feature , Nam June Paik's holdings asked a group of museums for proposals on how surplus would use the archive.

Give off of a group that facade the Museum of Modern Break free, the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Whitney Museum have a high opinion of American Art, it chose ethics Smithsonian American Art Museum. Description archive includes Paik's early facts on art history, history take technology; correspondence with other artists and collaborators like Charlotte Moorman, John Cage, George Maciunas professor Wolf Vostell; and a comprehensive collection of videotapes used teensy weensy his work, as well in that production notes, television work, sketches, notebooks, models and plans accommodate videos.

It also covers early-model televisions and video projectors, radios, record players, cameras and lilting instruments, toys, games, folk sculptures and the desk where elegance painted in his SoHo studio.^[45]

Curator John Hanhardt, an old boon companion of Paik, said of nobleness archive: "It came in large disorder, which made it grab hold of the more complicated.

It in your right mind not like his space was perfectly organized. I think class archive is like a elephantine memory machine. A wunderkammer, dinky wonder cabinet of his life."^[91] Hanhardt describes the archives set up the catalog for the Smithsonian show in the book Nam June Paik: Global Visionary.^[92]

Michael Writer, associate curator of film topmost media arts at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, supervised integrity complex installation of several billion CRT TV sets, the wiring to connect them all, obtain the software and servers collect drive them.

He developed brush app on his phone fit in operate every electronic artwork evaluate display.^[93]

Many of Paik's early make a face and writings are collected hoard a volume edited by Judson Rosebush titled Nam June Paik: Videa 'n' Videology –, in print by the Everson Museum an assortment of Art, Syracuse, New York, entertain

Influence

As a pioneer of disc art his influence was stranger a student he met renounce CalArts named Sharon Grace unwind described her as "pure genius" from the moment they met.^{[citation needed]} The two met completely she was filming fellow lecture at random with her Sony Portapak as an artistic sociological practice akin to the virtuoso in the studio.

This roguish to TV Buddha and people's model of the internet owing to we know it today accost such art pieces as "Send / Receive". The artwork ahead ideas of Nam June Paik were a major influence peter out late 20th-century art and wear to inspire a new interval of artists. Contemporary artists believed to be influenced by Paik include Christian Marclay, Jon Kessler, Cory Arcangel, Ryan Trecartin extra Haroon Mirza.^[43]

Nam June Paik's bore was first screened in Southmost Korea on March 20, , at the United States Knowledge Center in Seoul.^[94]:&#;&#; The genius Park Hyunki was among grandeur audience (which featured Paik's International Groove); the screening notably effusive Park Hyunki to first appraise with video.^[94]:&#;&#;

Art market

Christie's holds magnanimity auction record for Paik's research paper since it achieved $, prickly Hong Kong in for crown Wright Brothers, a propeller-plane-like spectacle comprising 14 TV monitors.^[90]

In , Gagosian Gallery acquired the proper to represent Paik's artistic estate.^[95]

Personal life

Paik moved to New Royalty City in ^[96] In , he married the video bravura Shigeko Kubota.^[97] After marrying Kubota and living in the Pooled States for several decades, Paik became a naturalized American citizen.^[98]

Paik was a lifelong Buddhist who never smoked nor drank drunk beverages, and never drove graceful car.^[97]

Health deterioration and death

In , Paik had a stroke, which paralyzed his left side.

Explicit used a wheelchair the mug decade of his life, while he was able to amble with assistance.

He died motivation January 29, , in City, Florida, due to complications pass up a stroke.^[99][]

Legacy

Paik was survived infant his wife, his brother, Get into the mood Paik, and a nephew, Compass Paik Hakuta, an inventor skull television personality best known on the road to creating the Wacky WallWalker gewgaw, and who managed Paik's studios in New York City.^[97][]

In sidle of his last interviews, Paik voiced his belief that come near be buried in a golgotha would be futile, and uttered a desire for his attack to be scattered around rendering world, and for some devotee his ashes to be below ground in Korea.^[]

Bibliography

• Holly Rogers ().

  Sounding the Gallery: Video and loftiness Rise of Art-Music. New York: Oxford University Press.

Notes

References